知识资本模型的再检验——基于中国外商直接投资的数据

本文利用中国外商直接投资1997-2003年的数据,对知识资本模型进行了检验.中国对于大多数的投资国来说,是个熟练劳动力相对稀缺的大国,这决定了其数据更适合用来检验知识资本模型.实证分析的结果支持了知识资本模型,母国和东道国GDP的和以及熟练劳动力禀赋的差对跨国公司的活动规模是正面影响,而母国贸易成本、母国和东道国C.DP差的平方以及两国GDP之差与熟练劳动力禀赋差的交互项对跨国公司活动规模是负面影响.进一步的分析还得出了其他的一些结论:中国GDP的增加、中国和其他国家GDP的收敛会促进FDI流入等.     

破解中国制造业产能过剩的新路径:外资开放政策的视角

产能过剩已经成为困扰中国经济可持续增长的深层次难题,本文以中国2002年外资管制放松作为准自然实验,采用倍差法系统研究外资开放政策对制造业产能利用率的影响及传导机制。研究发现,外资开放有效提升了同行业内资企业的产能利用率,生产效率、出口扩张和对外直接投资是外资开放影响内资企业产能利用率的重要渠道。外资开放对民营企业、一般贸易企业、吸收能力强的企业以及沿海地区企业产能利用率的提升效应更大,并且地区制度环境增强了外资开放的产能利用率提升效应。此外,内资企业除了获得行业内外资进入的水平溢出效应之外,还分别从上游和下游行业的外资进入中获得正向的前向关联与后向关联效应,进而显著提升了自身的产能利用率。最后,本文还进一步考察了外资开放政策对制造业总体产能利用率的影响,发现外资开放通过资源再配置渠道显著促进了制造业总体产能利用率的增长,进一步检验显示,外资开放一方面促进了市场份额从落后产能企业向相对优势产能企业的再配置,另一方面促进了落后产能企业的淘汰,进而提高了资源再配置效率并促进制造业总体产能利用率的提升。本文从外资开放政策视角探究了产能过剩问题,对新常态下破解产能过剩困境、实现“去产能”政策目标具有一定启示意义。     

DOES FDI ACTUALLY AFFECT INCOME INEQUALITY? INSIGHTS FROM 25 YEARS OF RESEARCH

While there are 25 years of empirical research on how FDI may affect income inequality, there is surprisingly no consensus on this issue. In this paper, we conduct a meta-analysis on the effect of FDI on inequality using 543 empirical studies from 1995 to 2019. Among various factors, we find that the development level of the study country has the strongest influence on the direction in which FDI affects income inequality. When the primary studies are sorted into three groups based on the GDP per capita of their sample areas, the within-group estimates on the effect of FDI on income inequality become strongly consistent with each other. Particularly, we find that FDI is associated with higher inequality for the low-income group, has no statistically significant effect for the middle-income group, and is associated with lower inequality for the high-income group. This observation suggests that FDI may increase income inequality as a country initially develops, but reduce inequality as development deepens.     

FDI是否降低了中国内资企业的出口竞争力?——基于显示比较优势的研究

随着中国吸引外国直接投资的不断增多,很多人担心外商投资企业会挤占传统的优势部门,造成这些部门中内资企业出口竞争力的下降。本文利用显示比较优势指数对该问题进行了研究,先确定1995年和2004年中国都具有显示比较优势的十个工业行业,然后计算这些行业在工业总产值中所占份额的变化,结果发现绝大多数行业中内资企业的份额是增加的。根据比较优势原理,FDI并没有降低这些行业中的内资企业的出口竞争力。外商投资企业更多地进入了中国具有比较劣势的行业,有利于提高我国整体出口竞争力。     

Human Capital Development and Its Influence on FDI Withdrawal: An Empirical Analysis

This paper examines the causal effect of human capital expansion on the exit of foreign-owned firms using the difference-in-differences method together with a quasi-natural experiment involving the expansion of higher education in China in 1999. The expansion of human capital reduces the probability of the exit of foreign-owned firms significantly. This conclusion remains robust under a series of tests, including changing the sample range, adjusting the identification method, and considering the trade liberalization. Analysis of the mechanism indicates that human capital expansion reduces the exit probability of foreign-owned firms by stimulating innovation, improving production efficiency, and optimizing the quality of input and output goods. Industries with higher asset specificity are also more likely to restrain the exit of foreign-owned firms through human capital expansion. Overall, the findings of this study provide a good insight into the exit behavior of FDI in China from the perspective of human capital.